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Ashley Smith 1. //Tinker v. Des Moines// -This case defined the constitutional rights of students in public schools. The 'Tinker' test is still used in courts today, and helps courts determine if a schools disciplinary actions violate student's rights. Several students wore black armbands to school in protest of the Vietnam war. The courts ruled 7 to 2 which held that the 1st amendment applied to public schools and that teachers and administrators would have to have constitutional reasons for any regulation of speech within a classroom. []

//2.// Religious Activities that have found unconstitutional -national day of prayer -sending taxpayer dollars to houses of worship -hiring and firing employees based on religion [] [] 3. Establishment Clause: -this refers to the first amendment that states that " congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion". this goes hand in hand iwth the free exercise clause as well. this clause prohibits: 1) the establishment of national religion by congress 2) the preference of one religion over another It was originially established to prevent congress from interfereing with establishing religion within states at the time of the founding. [] 4. Types of Protected Speech: -obscenity fighting words defamation child pornography perjury blackmail incitement to imminent lawless action true threats soliciatitions to commit crimes 5. //Katz v. U.S.// this was a case that extended the fourth amendments boundaries to include individuals in telephone books from wiretaps-unreasonable search and seizure. The rulinng ended up being that the fourth amendment protects people not places, and that no matter where someone is, his or her rightst still apply. [] //6. Terry v. Ohio// this decision held that the 4th amendment is not violated when a police officer stops someone on the steet and searchces him without probable cause for arrest. the court got its name from the "terry stop" which refers to an officer doing this. it was then later extended to iinlcude people in vehicles known as traffic stops. the exclusionary rule applies in this case as well. []